期刊
WOMENS HEALTH
卷 11, 期 2, 页码 239-257出版社
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.2217/WHE.14.64
关键词
estrogen; menopause; pregnancy; sex chromosomes
资金
- National Institutes of Health [Ag 44170, HD65987]
- Mayo Foundation
- American Heart Association [14PRE18040000]
- Mayo Clinic Medical Scientist Training Program
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Graduate School
In the era of individualized medicine, gaps in knowledge remain about sex-specific risk factors, diagnostic and treatment options that might reduce mortality from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and improve outcomes for both women and men. In this review, contributions of biological mechanisms involving the sex chromosomes and the sex hormones on the cardiovascular system will be discussed in relationship to the femalespecific risk factors for CVD: hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, menopause and use of hormonal therapies for contraception and menopausal symptoms. Additionally, sexspecific factors to consider in the differential diagnosis and treatment of four prevalent CVDs (hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease and congestive heart failure) will be reviewed with emphasis on areas where additional research is needed.
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