Light-emitting Diode Light Transmission through Leaf Tissue of Seven Different Crops

Significant advances in controlled-environment (CE) plant production lighting have been made in recent years, driven by rapid improvements in light-emitting diode (LED) technologies. Aside from energy efficiency gains, LEDs offer the ability to customize the spectrum delivered to a crop, which may have untold benefits for growers and researchers alike. Understanding how these specific wavebands are attenuated by plant tissue is important if lighting engineers are to fully optimize systems for CE plant production. In this study, seven different greenhouse and field crops (radish, Raphanus sativus 'Cherry Bomb II'; red romaine lettuce, Lactuca sativa 'Outredgeous', green leaf lettuce, Lactuca sativa 'Waldmann's Green'; pepper, Capsicum annuum 'Fruit Basket'; soybean, Glycine max 'Hoyt'; cucumber, Cucumis sativus 'Spacemaster'; canola, Brassica napus 'Westar') were grown in CE chambers under two different light intensities (225 and 420 mu mol.m(-2).s(-1)). Intact, fully expanded upper canopy leaves were used to determine the level of light transmission, at two to three different plant ages, across seven different wavebands with peaks at 400, 450, 530, 595, 630, 655, and 735 urn. The photosynthetic photon flux (PPF) environment that plants were grown in affected light transmission across the different LED wavelengths in a crop-dependent manner. Plant age had no effect on light transmission at the time intervals examined. Specific waveband transmission from the seven LED sources varied similarly across plant types with low transmission of blue and red wavelengths, intermediate transmission of green and amber wavelengths, and the highest transmission at the far-red wavelengths. Higher native PPF increased anthocyanin levels in red romaine lettuce compared with the lower native PPF treatment. Understanding the differences in light transmission will inform the development of novel, energy-saving lighting architectures for CE plant growth.