期刊
GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS
卷 45, 期 2, 页码 778-788出版社
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1002/2017GL075659
关键词
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资金
- Laboratory Directed Research and Development Early Career Research Program at Los Alamos National Laboratory [20160608ECR]
- Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research Program
- Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) program - U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Biological and Environmental Research Program
- U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration [DE-NA-0003525]
- UTIG Ewing-Worzel Fellowship
- Gale White Graduate Student Fellowship
- National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs [1504457]
- Swiss National Science Foundation [200021_127197]
- Polar Geospatial Center under National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs [1043681, 1559691]
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP) [1504457] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [200021_127197] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
Moulins permit access of surface meltwater to the glacier bed, causing basal lubrication and ice speedup in the ablation zone of western Greenland during summer. Despite the substantial impact of moulins on ice dynamics, the conditions under which they form are poorly understood. We assimilate a time series of ice surface velocity from a network of eleven Global Positioning System receivers into an ice sheet model to estimate ice sheet stresses during winter, spring, and summer in a similar to 30 x 10 km region. Surface-parallel von Mises stress increases slightly during spring speedup and early summer, sufficient to allow formation of 16% of moulins mapped in the study area. In contrast, 63% of moulins experience stresses over the tensile strength of ice during a short (hours) supraglacial lake drainage event. Lake drainages appear to control moulin density, which is itself a control on subglacial drainage efficiency and summer ice velocities. Plain Language Summary Moulins are the conduits that allow water melting on the surface of the Greenland Ice Sheet to drain to its base and cause the ice to flow faster. Forming a moulin in Greenland requires a crack on the surface that becomes filled with enough water to drive the crack all the way through the ice. However, a large fraction of moulins in Greenland form away from the ice sheet's crevasse fields, making their formation a mystery. We forced a model of ice sheet flow to match measurements of the ice speed measured by GPS every 2 h. At most of the moulin locations in the area studied, the stresses predicted by the model were too small to fracture the ice and allow moulins to form during winter, spring, and most of summer. However, fracturing did occur at most moulin locations when large lakes on the surface of the ice drained catastrophically to the bed over a few hours. These rare and brief lake drainages must be the cause of most of the moulins, and they therefore have a lasting impact on the flow of water into the ice sheet and the changes in the flow of the ice this causes.
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