Earth's Correlation Wavefield: Late Coda Correlation

Cross correlation of seismograms provides new information on the Earth both through the exploitation of ambient noise and specific components of earthquake records. Here we cross-correlate recordings of large earthquakes on a planetary scale and identify a range of hitherto unobserved seismic phases in Earth's correlation wavefield. We show that both arrivals with the timing expected for the regular seismic wavefield and previously unexplained phases are produced by interference between seismic paths having the same ray parameter but with only a subset of propagation legs in common. This insight explains the origin and generation mechanism of the features of Earth's correlation wavefield and opens up new ways of addressing issues in global seismology. Strong similarity between observed and synthesized correlation wavefields indicates that the Earth's radial structure is remarkably well constrained in the intermediate period range.