Analysis of Genomes and Transcriptomes of Hepatocellular Carcinomas Identifies Mutations and Gene Expression Changes in the Transforming Growth Factor-β Pathway

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with alterations in the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway, which regulates liver inflammation and can have tumor suppressor or promoter activities. Little is known about the roles of specific members of this pathway at specific of HCC development. We took an integrated approach to identify and validate the effects of changes in this pathway in HCC and identify therapeutic targets. METHODS: We performed transcriptome analyses for a total of 488 HCCs that include data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We also screened 301 HCCs reported in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer and 202 from Cancer Genome Atlas for mutations in genome sequences. We expressed mutant forms of spectrin beta, non-erythrocytic 1 (SPTBN1) in HepG2, SNU398, and SNU475 cells and measured phosphorylation, nuclear translocation, and transcriptional activity of SMAD family member 3 (SMAD3). RESULTS: We found somatic mutations in at least 1 gene whose product is a member of TGF-beta signaling pathway in 38% of HCC samples. SPTBN1 was mutated in the largest proportion of samples (12 of 202, 6%). Unsupervised clustering o f transcriptome data identified a group of HCCs with activation of the TGF-beta signaling pathway (increased transcription of genes in the pathway) and a group of HCCs with inactivation of TGF-beta signaling (reduced expression of genes in this pathway). Patients with tumors with inactivation of TGF-beta signaling had shorter survival times than patients with tumors with activation of TGF-beta signaling (P = .0129). Patterns of TGF-beta signaling correlated with activation of the DNA damage response and sirtuin signaling pathways. HepG2, SNU398, and SNU475 cells that expressed the D1089Y mutant or with knockdown of SPTBN1 had increased sensitivity to DNA crosslinking agents and reduced survival compared with cells that expressed normal SPTBN1 (controls). CONCLUSIONS: In genome and transcriptome analyses of HCC samples, we found mutations in genes in the TGF-beta signaling pathway in almost 40% of samples. These correlated with changes in expression of genes in the pathways; up-regulation of genes in this pathway would contribute to inflammation and fibrosis, whereas down-regulation would indicate loss of TGF-beta tumor suppressor activity. Our findings indicate that therapeutic agents for HCCs can be effective, based on genetic features of the TGF-beta pathway; agents that block TGF-beta should be used only in patients with specific types of HCCs.