Subcritical water extraction of polyphenolic compounds from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) bran and their biological activities

Subcritical water extraction (SWE), an environment-friendly technique, was applied to extract polyphenolics from sorghum bran. Extraction temperatures (degrees C), time (min), and solid-liquid ratio (mL/g) were investigated and optimized by Box-Behnken design. The optimized conditions for SWE was 144.5 degrees C of temperature, 21 min of time, and 35 mL/g of solid-liquid ratio, with a polyphenolics yield of 47.253 +/- 0.375 mg GAE/g dw, which was in good agree with the predicted value. Comparing with hot water extraction (HWE), SWE resulted in a higher yield of polyphenolics, higher radical scavenging activities, and more efficient antiproliferative activity. Furthermore, major polyphenolic compositions of the extracts were identified and quantified by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Taxifolin, taxifolin hexoside, oligomeric procyanidins, and epicatechin were the most abundant polyphenolic compounds in the extracts. Taken together, SWE can be used as a effective extraction method for polyphenolics from sorghum bran, which could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants.