Novel dual-targeting anti-proliferative dihydrotriazine-chalcone derivatives display suppression of cancer cell invasion and inflammation by inhibiting the NF-kappa B signaling pathway

Chalcones present in edible plants possess anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, with the Michael acceptor moiety reported to be responsible for their biological activities. In this study, two novel dihydrotriazine-chalcone compounds previously identified to exert anti-proliferative effects through dual-targeting of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), were evaluated for their anti-invasive and antiinflammatory abilities. At non-lethal concentrations, the compounds suppressed in vitro migration of MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells, which was correlated with a dose-dependent downregulation of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and secretion. At similar concentrations, these chalcone-based compounds suppressed expression of inflammatory mediators inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage-like RAW 264.7 cells, as well as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in LPS-stimulated human monocytes isolated from healthy donors. Mechanistically, inhibition of cancer cell invasion and inflammation by the compounds were mediated through suppression of the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappa B) signaling pathway, which corroborated with the reported mechanism of action of chalcones. Their abilities to target multiple biological mediators relevant to multi-step carcinogenesis and with bioactivities stronger than those of the parent chalcone scaffold have warranted dihydrotriazine-chalcone compounds as promising candidates for use in pharmacological intervention of aggressive cancers.