Using direct amplification and next-generation sequencing technology to explore foliar endophyte communities in experimentally inoculated western white pines

Fungal endophytes can influence survivability and disease severity of trees. Here we characterized the endophyte community in Pinus monticola (western white pine), an important species in the northwest USA, largely decimated by pathogenic fungi. We also assessed the ability to successfully inoculate seedlings with desirable endophytes, with the long-term goal of providing a protective microbiome and added defense from pathogens. P. monticola seedlings were inoculated in the field with potential pathogen antagonists and fungi isolated from healthy mature trees. Following inoculations direct amplification and next generation sequencing were used to characterize fungal endophyte communities, and explore interspecific competition, diversity, and co-occurrence patterns in needle tissues. Negative co-occurrence patterns between inoculated fungi and potential pathogens, as well as many other species, suggest early competitive interactions. Our study explores early endophyte community assemblage and shows that fungal inoculations may influence tree growth. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd and The British Mycological Society. All rights reserved.