An Omics Approach for Lipid Oxidation in Foods: The Case of Free Fatty Acids in Bulk Purified Olive Oil

Monitoring or preventing oxidation processes in foods, particularly heterogeneous systems or highly oxidizable lipids, has become a primary issue. Traditional approaches often fail in pursuing this aim. At the same time, the prediction in laboratory of the efficacy of antioxidant molecules and technologies often fails when challenging reality. A change in the traditional paradigm used to conceive oxidation processes and their monitoring could be a key. In the present work, an omics approach is suggested for the evaluation of oxidation in food lipids and of the role played by minor compounds. This holistic and comprehensive, hypothesis-generating approach is applied to a typical research case: highly-purified olive oil added with increasing amounts of purified free fatty acids (FFA). A comprehensive profile (oxidome) of oxidation products is outlined during the accelerated oxidation. The pathways considered are FFA and triacyglycerol oxidation, triacyglycerol polymerization, volatile compounds formation as well as their further oxidation. FFA affectes the overall balance of the oxidation pathways and consequently causes a drift in the evolution of the pattern of oxidation products. The balance between accelerating activity of FFA toward triacylglycerol oxidation and their high susceptibility to undergo oxidation turnes out to be dose-dependent and time-related, and shiftes the resulting oxidation profile of the oil. The omics approach to oxidation products profiling provides new insight into oxidation processes. Oxidomics could be helpful to deepen the insight into unresolved issues of oxidation, going beyond the usual single- or few-marker approach.Practical Applications: This research suggests a new paradigm for approaching food lipid oxidation. Unresolved practical issues regarding food spoilage and shelf-life, waste reduction, keeping of healthy properties are increasing along the increasing formulation of complex and dispersed systems, use of healthy highly unsaturated fatty acids and bioactive antioxidants, attention paid by consumers and industries to nutritional, sensory, health properties of foods. The new paradigm suggests going beyond the usually adopted single- or few-marker approach and to consider the pattern of oxidation reactions and products as a whole, in order to better describe and predict its changes and the effects of external factors as well as added molecules. Oxidomics is a new paradigm for lipid oxidation, with a holistic approach to the system and evaluating a pattern of oxidation products and its changes.