Controlled depolymerisation assessed by analytical ultracentrifugation of low molecular weight chitosan for use in archaeological conservation

The heterogeneity and molecular weight of a chitosan of low molecular weight (molar mass) and low degree of acetylation (0.1) for potential use as a consolidant for decayed archaeological wood were examined by sedimentation velocity and sedimentation equilibrium in the analytical ultracentrifuge before and after depolymerisation. Sedimentation velocity before depolymerisation revealed a uniform distribution of sedimentation coefficient with little concentration dependence. SEDFIT-MSTAR analysis revealed a weight average molecular weight M (w) of (14.2 +/- 1.2) kDa, and polydispersity index of similar to 1.2. Further analysis using MULTISIG revealed a distribution of material between 2 and 20 kDa and consistent with the weight average M (w). Controlled depolymerisation using hydrogen peroxide and ultra-violet radiation in an acetic acid medium reduced this to (4.9 +/- 0.7) kDa, with a similar polydispersity. The depolymerised material appears to be within the range that has been predicted to fully penetrate into archaeological wood. The consequences for this finding and the use of the analytical ultracentrifuge in wood conservation strategies are considered.