Effects of recycled glass and different substrate materials on the leachate quality and plant growth of green roofs

Green roofs are a key component to building sustainable cities because of their multiple environmental benefits, but without the proper level of care, the leachate from green roofs might contain pollutants and become a new nonpoint pollution source in urban areas. Because its leachate quality is affected by the substrates and plants used, the objective of this study is to evaluate the effects of the substrates and plants with the aim of improving green roof applications. This study tested 3 materials - normal cultivated (C) substrate, commercial green roof (L) substrate, and mixed C and recycled glass (R) substrate - with a focus on using recycled glass materials in the green roof system. Recycled glass is a lightweight and porous material that improves pollutant absorption and water quality purification. Three different types of plants were tested: a sedum, a fern, and a shrub. Therefore, this study evaluated 9 combinations, each with 3 replicates. The differences in the substrates exerted significant effects on the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and phosphorous (P) concentrations. The nitrogen (N) concentrations were affected by differences in both the substrates and the plants. The changes in the observed water quality with time implied that compact substrates and mature plants reduced pollutant concentrations, except for N concentrations, in the outflow. The L substrate contained high levels of nutrients, and the plants grew better in this substrate than in the other two substrates; however, the L substrate also produced higher pollution concentrations. The R substrate, with recycled glass, performed well in the neutralization of acid rain but did not significantly reduce the levels of other pollutants. To enhance the purification ability of the recycled glass, the mixing ratio between the recycled glass and organic substances and the placement in the substrate are important factors.