Management of Lead Encephalopathy with DMSA After Exposure to Lead-Contaminated Moonshine

Background Lead encephalopathy is a severe manifestation of lead poisoning that can present with altered mental status and seizures and has been associated with illicit moonshine consumption. Lead encephalopathy has traditionally been treated using dimercaprol (British anti-Lewisite, BAL) and calcium disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (CaNa(2)EDTA). Case Report We describe a patient with lead encephalopathy related to lead-contaminated moonshine consumption, who was treated using dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) due to a national shortage of CaNa(2)EDTA. A 66-year-old woman presented to a hospital with headache, irritability, and altered mental status. On hospital day 16, she was found to have a whole blood lead concentration of 148.2 mu g/dL and a 24-h urine lead concentration of 232 mu g/day. Due to a national shortage of CaNa(2)EDTA, the patient was given one dose of BAL and then started on DMSA via nasogastric tube. She dramatically improved over 4 days and was subsequently transitioned to oral DMSA and outpatient treatment. One day prior to discharge, her whole blood lead concentration was 47.2 mu g/dL and her mental status was normal. DMSA was used in lieu of CaNa2 EDTA to treat the patient with lead encephalopathy. The patient subsequently experienced clinical improvement and declining whole blood level concentrations. Conclusion Further prospective studies are needed to compare the efficacy of DMSA versus CaNa(2)EDTA in patients with lead encephalopathy.