Effects of changes in moisture source and the upstream rainout on stable isotopes in precipitation - a case study in Nanjing, eastern China

In the Asian monsoon region, variations in the stable isotopic composition of speleothems have often been attributed to the amount effect. However, an increasing number of studies suggest that the amount effect in local precipitation is insignificant or even non-existent. To explore this issue further, we examined the variability of daily stable isotopic composition (delta O-18) in precipitation from September 2011 to November 2014 in Nanjing, eastern China. We found that intra-seasonal variations of delta O-18 during summer were not significantly correlated with local rainfall amount but could be linked to changes in the moisture source location and rainout processes in the source regions. Our findings suggest that the stable isotopes in summer precipitation could signal the location shift of precipitation source regions in the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over the course of the monsoon season. As a result, changes in moisture source location and upstream rainout effect should be taken into account when interpreting the stable isotopic composition of speleothems in the Asian monsoon region. In addition, the temperature effect on isotopic variations in non-monsoonal precipitation should also be considered because precipitation in the non-monsoon season accounts for about half of its annual precipitation.