Sex Differences in Cardiac Arrhythmias Clinical and Research Implications

Sex differences have the potential to impact diagnostic and therapeutic interventions in a wide variety of medical conditions, and cardiac arrhythmias are no exception. 1 Studies evaluating pathophysiology, disease course, and therapeutic options for cardiac arrhythmias have been performed predominantly in male patients. However, catheter and device-based therapies coupled with landmark clinical trials have contributed to an improved understanding of this important aspect. The objective of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on sex differences in cardiac arrhythmias with a focus on clinical management, while highlighting gaps in knowledge that would benefit from future investigation.