期刊
CHEMOSPHERE
卷 191, 期 -, 页码 685-703出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.089
关键词
Disinfection by-products; Nitrosamines; Drinking water; Water treatment; Potable reuse; Emerging contaminants
资金
- Italian Ministry of Instruction, University, and Research (MIUR), through the Research Projects of National Interest Emerging contaminants in air, soil, and water: from source to the marine environment (PRIN) [2010WLNFY2]
- University of Catania, Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, through the Project Advanced treatment processes for the removal of emerging contaminants from water (PACEm)
- Singapore National Research Foundation under its Environment and Water Technologies Strategic Research Programme
This review summarizes major findings over the last decade related to N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in water and wastewater. In particular, the review is focused on the removal of NDMA and of its precursors by conventional and advanced water and wastewater treatment processes. New information regarding formation mechanisms and precursors are discussed as well. NDMA precursors are generally of anthropogenic origin and their main source in water have been recognized to be wastewater discharges. Chloramination is the most common process that results in formation of NDMA during water and wastewater treatment. However, ozonation of wastewater or highly contaminated surface water can also generate significant levels of NDMA. Thus, NDMA formation control and remediation has become of increasing interest, particularly during treatment of wastewater-impacted water and during potable reuse application. NDMA formation has also been associated with the use of quaternary amine-based coagulants and anion exchange resins. UV photolysis with UV fluence far higher than typical disinfection doses is generally considered the most efficient technology for NDMA mitigation. However, recent studies on the optimization of biological processes offer a potentially lower-energy solution. Options for NDMA control include attenuation of precursor materials through physical removal, biological treatment, and/or deactivation by application of oxidants. Nevertheless, NDMA precursor identification and removal can be challenging and additional research and optimization is needed. As municipal wastewater becomes increasingly used as a source water for drinking, NDMA formation and mitigation strategies will become increasingly more important. The following review provides a summary of the most recent information available. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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