Sources identification of PCDD/Fs in soil and atmospheric deposition in Taiwan

PCDD/Fs are among pollutants, which gain major concern from Taiwan government and citizens during industrialization. PCDD/Fs can be emitted into the atmosphere, soil, and water environment in either vapor or solid forms. Atmospheric deposition is the main pathways for atmospheric PCDD/Fs to precipitate on surface soil. In this study, a simultaneous analysis of both soil and deposition PCDD/Fs was done to investigate the relationship between in-soil and deposited PCDD/Fs in Taiwan. Soil samples (n = 84) and atmospheric deposition samples (n = 57) were collected within overlapped periods of time. Geometric mean of 10.4 pg WHO-TEQ/g was found in the soil samples when the geometric mean of atmospheric deposited PCDD/F concentrations was found to be 7.39 pg WHO-TEQ/m(2)/day. Concentration of PCDD/Fs in samples collected in industrial location were higher than those collected in other locations in all sampling areas. OCDD, OCDF, HpCDD, HpCDF, were the predominant congeners in PCDD/F profile in both soil and atmospheric deposited samples, when 1,2,3,7,8-PeCDD and 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF were major contributors for PCDD/F fingerprint with WHO-TEQ transformation. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis showed that 83% of soil PCDD/Fs correlate with atmospheric deposition process originated from industrial activities (44%) and long range transport activities (39%). Furthermore, the PMF analysis found long range transport, municipal solid water incinerators (MSWIs), industrial waste incinerators (IWIs), electric arc furnace, recycling process of aluminum, sintering plants to be the main sources contributing to atmospheric deposited PCDD/Fs. (C) 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd.