Long-term coastal-polynya dynamics in the southern Weddell Sea from MODIS thermal-infrared imagery

Based upon thermal-infrared satellite imagery in combination with ERA-Interim atmospheric reanalysis data, we derive long-term polynya characteristics such as polynya area, thin-ice thickness distribution, and ice-production rates for a 13-year investigation period (2002-2014) for the austral winter (1 April to 30 September) in the Antarctic southern Weddell Sea. All polynya parameters are derived from daily cloud-cover corrected thin-ice thickness composites. The focus lies on coastal polynyas which are important hot spots for new-ice formation, bottom-water formation, and heat/moisture release into the atmosphere. MODIS has the capability to resolve even very narrow coastal polynyas. Its major disadvantage is the sensor limitation due to cloud cover. We make use of a newly developed and adapted spatial feature reconstruction scheme to account for cloud-covered areas. We find the sea-ice areas in front of the Ronne and Brunt ice shelves to be the most active with an annual average polynya area of 3018 +/- 1298 and 3516 +/- 1420 km(2) as well as an accumulated volume ice production of 31 +/- 13 and 31 +/- 12 km(3), respectively. For the remaining four regions, estimates amount to 421 +/- 294 km(2) and 4 +/- 3 km(3) (Antarctic Peninsula), 1148 +/- 432 km(2) and 12 +/- 5 km(3) (iceberg A23A), 901 +/- 703 km(2) and 10 +/- 8 km(3) (Filchner Ice Shelf), as well as 499 +/- 277 km(2) and 5 +/- 2 km(3) (Coats Land). Our findings are discussed in comparison to recent studies based on coupled sea-ice/ocean models and passive-microwave satellite imagery, each investigating different parts of the southern Weddell Sea.