Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging for Monitoring the Effects of Minimal Processing and Warm Water Treatments on Physiological Properties and Quality Attributes of Fresh-Cut Salads

In this study, chlorophyll fluorescence imaging (CFI) was used to monitor plant stress induced by cutting of mini romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. longifolia) and by cutting and washing of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) during storage. Regarding the more detailed study of endive fresh-cut salads, we additionally monitored respiratory activity, phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity, contents of plant pigments, and cut edge browning. Determination of maximum quantum efficiency F (v)/F (m) was feasible through sealed consumer-sized film bags, thus, enabling the non-invasive monitoring of both fresh-cut salad types in the corresponding modified atmosphere during storage. Cutting of romaine lettuce provoked a partially reversible drop of F (v)/F (m) during the first 24 h. Subsequently, F (v)/F (m) of cut romaine strongly decreased with elapsing shelf life, whereas intact leaves exhibited only a slight decline. Regarding minimally processed endive, warm water washing progressively reduced F (v)/F (m) with increasing heat exposure, while respiratory activities and the content of accessory pigments remained unaffected. The heat-dependent decrease of F (v)/F (m) was correlated to the inhibition of the PAL activity. Mildly warm washing (40 A degrees C, 120 s; 45 A degrees C, 60 s) reduced PAL activities, while F-v/F-m remained widely unaffected and visual quality was only partially improved. However, warm water washing at elevated temperatures (45 A degrees C, 120 s; 50 A degrees C, 30-60 s) enabled maximum visual quality retention, accompanied by a significant decrease of F (v)/F (m). CFI may represent a useful tool to monitor the stress conditions due to cutting and warm water treatments, hence, allowing the systematic improvement of fresh-cut produce.