Carbonation activated binders from pure calcium silicates: Reaction kinetics and performance controlling factors

This paper presents a study on the carbonation activated binders prepared from pure calcium silicate phases, which included tricalcium silicate (3CaO center dot SiO2, [C3S]), beta-dicalcium silicate (beta-2CaO center dot SiO2, [beta-C2S]), gamma-dicalcium silicate (gamma-2CaO center dot SiO2, [gamma-C2S]), tricalcium disilicate (rankinite, 3CaO center dot 2SiO(2), [C3S2]), and monocalcium silicate (wollastonite, CaO center dot SiO2, [CS]). The overall study consisted of three experimental parts, with individual focus on the following issues: (i) reaction kinetics, (ii) mechanical performance at the microscale, and (iii) mechanical performance at the macroscale. Carbonation of calcium silicate phases was found to occur in two distinct stages, namely: phase boundary controlled stage and product layer diffusion controlled stage. Theoretical solid-state reaction approach, including contracting volume model and Jander's equations were used to determine the carbonation rate constants for the calcium silicate phases. Phase boundary controlled stage was found to be dominantly dependent on the type of the starting calcium silicate phases. On the other hand, during the diffusion controlled stage the reaction rate constants were found to depend on the type of carbonation products (in this case Ca-modified silica gel and calcium carbonate). The mechanical properties of the individual microscopic phases were evaluated using nanoindentation test whereas the overall strength of the carbonated paste was evaluated using macroscale three-point bending test. Correlations between the mechanical performances and microstructural characteristics revealed the performance controlling factors of the carbonation activated binders. The higher bound water contents of the carbonated matrix tend to increase the short-term (up to 3 h) creep deformation of the matrix when subjected to constant stress. The presence of a higher proportion of poorly-crystalline forms of calcium carbonates (i.e., vaterite and amorphous calcium carbonate) were observed to increase the flexural strength but decrease the elastic modulus of the carbonated matrix.