期刊
CARDIOVASCULAR DIABETOLOGY
卷 17, 期 -, 页码 -出版社
BMC
DOI: 10.1186/s12933-018-0702-3
关键词
Gliptins; DPP-4 inhibitors; Linagliptin; CXCR4/SDF-1 alpha; Stroke; MCAO; Diabetes
资金
- Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation
- Diabetesfonden
- Konung Gustaf V:s och Drottning Victorias Frimurarestiftelse
- NovoNordisk foundation
- European Foundation for the Study of Diabetes (EFSD) Albert Renold Travel Fellowship Programme
- Ahlen Stiftelse
- Stohnes Stiftelse
- O. E. och Edla Johanssons Stiftelse
- Magnus Bergvalls Stiftelse
- STROKE Riksforbundet
- Tornspiran stiftelse
- Gamla Tjanarinnor Stiftelse
- Syskonen Svensson Stiftelse
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH Co. KG
- Stockholm County Council
- Karolinska Institutet (KI)
Background: Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors (gliptins) are approved drugs for the treatment of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. These effects are mainly mediated by inhibiting endogenous glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) cleavage. Interestingly, gliptins can also improve stroke outcome in rodents independently from GLP1. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1 alpha) is a DPP-4 substrate and CXCR4 agonist promoting beneficial effects in injured brains. However, SDF-1 alpha involvement in gliptin-mediated neuroprotection after ischemic injury is unproven. We aimed to determine whether the gliptin linagliptin improves stroke outcome via the SDF-1 alpha/CXCR4 pathway, and identify additional effectors behind the efficacy. Methods: Mice were subjected to stroke by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). linagliptin was administered for 3 days or 3 weeks from stroke onset. The CXCR4-antagonist AMD3100 was administered 1 day before MCAO until 3 days thereafter. Stroke outcome was assessed by measuring upper-limb function, infarct volume and neuronal survival. The plasma and brain levels of active GLP-1, GIP and SDF-1 alpha were quantified by ELISA. To identify additional gliptin-mediated molecular effectors, brain samples were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Results: Linagliptin specifically increased active SDF-1 alpha but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) or GLP-1 brain levels. Blocking of SDF-1 alpha/CXCR4 pathway abolished the positive effects of linagliptin on upper-limb function and histological outcome after stroke. Moreover, linagliptin treatment after stroke decreased the presence of peptides derived from neurogranin and from an isoform of the myelin basic protein. Conclusions: We showed that linagliptin improves functional stroke outcome in a SDF-1 alpha/CXCR4-dependent manner. Considering that Calpain activity and intracellular Ca2+ regulate neurogranin and myelin basic protein detection, our data suggest a gliptin-mediated neuroprotective mechanism via the SDF-1 alpha/CXCR4 pathway that could involve the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and the reduction of Calpain activity. These results provide new insights into restorative gliptin-mediated effects against stroke.
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