期刊
BIOMASS & BIOENERGY
卷 115, 期 -, 页码 231-243出版社
PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD
DOI: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.04.021
关键词
Iron and steel; Low-carbon steelmaking; BF-BOF; Bioenergy; Carbon price; Optimisation
资金
- EPSRC CDT in Bioenergy [EP/L014912/1]
- Swedish Research Council Formas [213-2014-184]
- VINNOVA [201701327]
- Swedish Energy Agency and Bio4Energy
Iron and steel plants producing steel via the blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace (BF-BOF) route constitute among the largest single point CO2 emitters within the European Union (EU). As the iron ore reduction process in the blast furnace is fully dependent on carbon mainly supplied by coal and coke, bioenergy is the only renewable that presents a possibility for their partial substitution. Using the BeWhere model, this work optimised the mobilization and use of biomass resources within the EU in order to identify the opportunities that bioenergy can bring to the 30 operating BF-BOF plants. The results demonstrate competition for the available biomass resources within existing industries and economically unappealing prices of the bio-based fuels. A carbon dioxide price of 60 (sic) t(-1) is required to substitute 20% of the CO2 emissions from the fossil fuels use, while a price of 140 (sic) t(-1) is needed to reach the maximum potential of 42%. The possibility to use organic wastes to produce hydrochar would not enhance the maximum emission reduction potential, but it would broaden the available feedstock during the low levels of substitution. The scope for bioenergy integration is different for each plant and so consideration of its deployment should be treated individually. Therefore, the EU-ETS (Emission Trading System) may not be the best policy tool for bioenergy as an emission reduction strategy for the iron and steel industry, as it does not differentiate between the opportunities across the different steel plants and creates additional costs for the already struggling European steel industry.
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