A Review of Embedded Large Eddy Simulation for Internal Flows

When scale-resolving simulation approaches are employed for the simulation of turbulent flow, computational cost can often be prohibitive. This is particularly true for internal wall-bounded flows, including flows of industrial relevances which may involve both high Reynolds number and geometrical complexity. Modelling the turbulence induced stresses (at all scales) has proven to lack requisite accuracy in many situations. In this work we review a promising family of approaches which aim to find a compromise between cost and accuracy; hybrid RANS-LES methods. We place particular emphasis on the emergence of embedded large eddy simulation. These approaches are summarised and key features relevant to internal flows are highlighted. A thorough review of the application of these methods to internal flows is given, where hybrid approaches have been shown to offer significant benefits to industrial CFD (relative to an empirical broadband modelling of turbulence). This paper concludes by providing a cost-analysis and a discussion about the emerging novel use-modalities for hybrid RANS-LES methods in industrial CFD, such as automated embedded simulation and multi-dimensional coupling.