In situ study of redox processes on the surface of SrTiO3 single crystals

In this paper, we report on surface transformations under high-temperature (up to 1000 degrees C) annealing of SrTiO3(100) single crystals under reducing conditions and in situ oxidation. We compare macroscale electrical measurements with nanoscale investigations of as-reduced and oxidized surfaces. On the nanoscale, annealing in ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions causes a restoration of the long-range atomic order of the (1 x 1) pattern. However, above annealing temperatures of 900 degrees C, a complex reconstruction of (root 13x root 13) R 33.7 degrees and subsequently (root 5x root 5) R 26.6 degrees appears. The surface becomes Ti-rich and residual carbon desorbs. Electrical surface conductivity increases with the annealing temperature, revealing an inhomogeneous spot-like structure on the nanoscale. Mapping of the surface potential also reveals comparable spatial variations, marking exits of dislocations. The estimated surface work function is increased upon reoxidation by 0.55 eV in the case of annealing at 900 degrees C, when (root 13x root 13) R 33.7 degrees dominates. Our results show that in contrast to the macroscopic resistance of the crystal, the nanoscale surface conductivity and surface potential are significantly influenced by redox processes at room temperature. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.