Histopathology of cutaneous drug reactions

There are many different types of cutaneous adverse reactions. The most classical reactions are driven by T lymphocytes that specifically react towards a drug, with an individual genetic susceptibility linked to certain type I major histocompatibility complex alleles. These reactions are characterized by a wide variety of clinical and histopathological presentations, and a wide range of severity. The most frequent entity is the maculopapular rash, while the most aggressive forms are the Steven-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis (SJS-TEN). The histopathological alterations associated to each of these syndromes have been better described in the literature during the past 10 years, encompassing non-specific lesions, as in most drug induced maculopapular rashes, to more specific inflammatory patterns. The finding of confluent apoptotic keratinocytes with epidermal detachment is the prototypical aspect of SJS-TEN. There are however numerous pitfalls, and a similar aspect to those observed in each cutaneous drug reactions entities can be found in other diseases. DRESS syndrome can indeed present with dense and epidermotropic T-cell infiltrate, sometimes with nuclear atypias, and thus can be difficult to distinguish from a primary or secondary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. The diagnosis of cutaneous adverse reactions relies on a clinical-pathological confrontation and requires an accurate evaluation of drug imputability. (C) 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.