Combined determination of copper ions and β-amyloid peptide by a single ratiometric electrochemical biosensor

Copper ions (Cu2+) play a critical role in biological processes and are directly involved in beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) aggregation, which is responsible for the occurrence and development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, combined determination of Cu2+ and A beta in one analytical system is of great significance to understand the exact nature of the AD event. This work presents a novel ratiometric electrochemical biosensor for the dual determination of Cu2+ and A beta(1-42). This unique sensor is based on a 2,2'-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA)-bi functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes (ABTS-PDDA/CNTs) composite. The inclusion of ABTS not only enhanced the sensitivity, but it also acted as an inner reference molecule to improve detection accuracy. The specific recognition of Cu2+ was realized by neurokinin B (NKB) coatings on the ABTS-PDDA/CNTs surface to form a [Cu-II(NKB)(2)] complex with Cu2+. The ABTS-PDDA/CNTs-NKB modified electrode also displayed an excellent electrochemical response toward the A beta(1-42) monomer, when a certain amount of the A beta(1-42) monomer was added to Cu2+-contained PBS buffer, which was due to the release of Cu2+ from the [Cu-II(NKB)(2)] complex through A beta binding to Cu2+. Meanwhile, our work showed that Cu2+ bound A beta(1-42) was concentration-dependent. Consequently, the presented electrochemical approach was capable of quantifying two important biological species associated with AD by one single biosensor, with the detection limits of 0.04 mu M for Cu2+ and 0.5 ng mL(-1) for A beta(1-42), respectively. Finally, the ratiometric electrode was successfully applied for monitoring Cu2+ and A beta(1-42) variations in plasma and hippocampus of normal and AD rats.