Exploring Co-Modality Using On-Demand Transport Systems

Integrating passenger and freight transport systems, known as co-modality, is becoming more feasible due to recent developments in information and communication technologies (ICT) such as smart phones and global position systems (GPS). This paper uses simulation of an on-demand transportation scheme in which passengers and parcels can travel together to explore the benefits of co-modality when compared to existing schemes. It is shown that, depending on the demand, co-modality can provide improved experiences for both operators and passengers/customers. (C) 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.