Heparin and LPS-induced COX-2 expression in airway cells: a link between its anti-inflammatory effects and GAG sulfation

Purpose/Aim: Previous studies have indicated that the sulfated polysaccharide heparin has anti-inflammatory effects. However, the mechanistic basis for these effects has not been fully elucidated. Materials and Methods: NCI-H292 (mucoepidermoid) and HBE-1 (normal) human bronchial epithelial cells were treated with LPS alone or in the presence of high-molecular-weight (HMW) fully sulfated heparin or desulfated HMW heparin. Cells were harvested to examine the phosphorylation levels of ERK1/2, p38, and NF-kappa B p65 and COX-2 protein expression by Western blot and gene expression of both COX-2 and CXCL-8 by TaqMan qRT-PCR. Results: Heparin is known to exert an influence on receptor-mediated signaling through its ability to both potentiate and inhibit the receptor-ligand interaction, depending upon its concentration. In H292 cells, fully-sulfated HMW heparin significantly reduced LPS-induced gene expression of both COX-2 and CXCL-8 for up to 48 hours, while desulfated heparin had little to no significant suppressive effect on signaling or on COX-2 gene or protein expression. Desulfated heparin, initially ineffective at preventing LPS-induced CXCL8 up-regulation, reduced CXCL8 transcription at 24 hours. In contrast, in normal HBE-1 cells, fully sulfated heparin significantly suppressed only ERK signaling, COX-2 gene expression at 12 hours, and CXCL-8 gene expression at 6 and 12 hours, while desulfated heparin had no significant effects on LPS-stimulated signaling or on gene or protein expression. Sulfation determines heparin's influence and may reflect the moderating role of GAG sulfation in lung injury and health. Conclusions: Heparin's anti-inflammatory effects result from its nonspecific suppression of signaling and gene expression and are determined by its sulfation.