期刊
AGRICULTURAL AND FOREST METEOROLOGY
卷 249, 期 -, 页码 407-419出版社
ELSEVIER
DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2017.11.005
关键词
Climate; Semiarid; Net ecosystem exchange; Photosynthesis; Respiration; Drought
资金
- U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science
- U.S. Army Research Office
- Jornada LTER
- National Science Foundation [EAR-1755722]
- USGS Nevada Water Science Center
- USGS Toxic Substances Hydrology Program
- Direct For Biological Sciences
- Division Of Environmental Biology [1440478] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Earth Sciences [1755722] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Global-scale studies suggest that dryland ecosystems dominate an increasing trend in the magnitude and interannual variability of the land CO2 sink. However, such model-based analyses are poorly constrained by measured CO2 exchange in open shrublands, which is the most common global land cover type, covering similar to 14% of Earth's surface. Here we evaluate how the amount and seasonal timing of water availability regulate CO2 exchange between shrublands and the atmosphere. We use eddy covariance data from six US sites across the three warm deserts of North America with observed ranges in annual precipitation of similar to 100-400mm, annual temperatures of 13-18 degrees C, and records of 2-8 years (33 site-years in total). The Chihuahuan, Sonoran and Mojave Deserts present gradients in both mean annual precipitation and its seasonal distribution between the wet-winter Mojave Desert and the wet-summer Chihuahuan Desert. We found that due to hydrologic losses during the wettest summers in the Sonoran and Chihuahuan Deserts, evapotranspiration (ET) was a better metric than precipitation of water available to drive dryland CO2 exchange. In contrast with recent synthesis studies across diverse dryland biomes, we found that NEP could not be directly predicted from ET due to wintertime decoupling of the relationship between ecosystem respiration (R-eco) and gross ecosystem productivity (GEP). Ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE = GEP/ET) did not differ between winter and summer. Carbon use efficiency (CUE=NEP/GEP), however, was greater in winter because Reco returned a smaller fraction of carbon to the atmosphere (23% of GEP) than in summer (77%). Combining the water-carbon relations found here with historical precipitation since 1980, we estimate that lower average winter precipitation during the 21st century reduced the net carbon sink of the three deserts by an average of 6.8TgC yr(1). Our results highlight that winter precipitation is critical to the annual carbon balance of these warm desert shrublands.
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