期刊
BRITISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY
卷 107, 期 3, 页码 519-536出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12160
关键词
involuntary memories; voluntary memories; retrieval mode; autobiographical memory; direct retrieval; generative retrieval; intention; memory; recollective experience
资金
- Polish National Science Centre [DEC-2011/01/N/HS6/02370, DEC-2013/08/T/HS6/00065]
- Danish National Research Foundation [DNRF93]
Theories of autobiographical memory distinguish between involuntary and voluntary retrieval as a consequence of conscious intention (i.e., wanting to remember). Another distinction can be made between direct and generative retrieval, which reflects the effort involved (i.e., trying to remember). However, it is unclear how intention and effort interacts. For example, involuntary memories and directly retrieved memories have been used interchangeably in the literature to refer to the same phenomenon of effortless, non-strategic retrieval. More recent theoretical advances suggest that they are separate types of retrieval, one unintentional (involuntary), another intentional and effortless (direct voluntary retrieval), and a third intentional and effortful (generative voluntary retrieval). Whether this also entails differing phenomenological characteristics, such as vividness, rehearsal, or emotional valence, has not been previously investigated. In the current study, participants reported memories in an experimental paradigm designed to elicit voluntary and involuntary memories and rated them on a number of characteristics. If intention affects the retrieval process, then we should expect differences between the characteristics of involuntary and directly retrieved memories. The results imply that retrieval intention seems to differentiate how a memory appears in a person's mind. Furthermore, we argue that these differences in part could result from differences in encoding and consolidation.
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