Structure-property correlations and origin of relaxor behaviour in BaCexTi(1-x)O(3)

Macroscopic properties measurements, such as dielectric permittivity and ferroelectric hysteresis, differential scanning calorimetry, and average structure information are combined with complementary techniques sensitive to the local structure, i.e. Pair Distribution Function (PDF) and Raman spectroscopy, to gain comprehensive insight into the structure-property relationships and origin of relaxor behaviour in BaCexTi1-xO3 ceramics over a broad composition (x = 0.02-030) and temperature (100-450 K) range. The resulting phase diagram displays sequential phase transitions with a tricritical point (TCP) at x approximate to 0,09 and a ferroelectric to relaxor crossover (FRC) at x >= 0.20. In contrast, the local structure is rhombohedral irrespective of x and the PDF reveals the existence of a high level of disorder and significant local strains determined by the ionic size mismatch (Ce4+: 0.87 angstrom, Ti4+: 0.605 angstrom). The diffuse character of the phase transitions observed when x >= 0.05 is most likely originated by these deformations. Parallel of BaCexTi1-xO3 phase diagrams (M = Sn, Hf, Zr, Ce) shows that the compositions corresponding to TCP and FRC are nearly independent of M. This suggests that, irrespective of the ionic radius of M4+, in homovalentsubstituted BaTiO3 a critical number of Ti-O-Ti bonds has to be broken before a new state is established, whereas local electric and strain fields seem to have a marginal effect. (C) 2018 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.