Simultaneous Detection of Antibiotic Resistance Genes on Paper-Based Chip Using [Ru(phen)(2)dppz](2+) Turn-on Fluorescence Probe

Antibiotic resistance, the ability of some bacteria to resist antibiotic drugs, has been a major global health burden due to the extensive use of antibiotic agents. Antibiotic resistance is encoded via particular genes; hence the specific detection of these genes is necessary for diagnosis and treatment of antibiotic resistant cases. Conventional methods for monitoring antibiotic resistance genes require the sample to be transported to a central laboratory for tedious and sophisticated tests, which is grueling and time-consuming. We developed a paper-based chip, integrated with loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and the light switch molecule [Ru(phen)(2)dppz](2+), to conduct turn-on fluorescent detection of antibiotic resistance genes. In this assay, the amplification reagents can be embedded into test spots of the chip in advance, thus simplifying the detection procedure. [Ru(phen)(2)dppz](2)(+) was applied to intercalate into amplicons for product analysis, enabling this assay to be operated in a wash-free format. The paper-based detection device exhibited a limit of detection (LOD) as few as 100 copies for antibiotic resistance genes. Meanwhile, it could detect antibiotic resistance genes from various bacteria. Noticeably, the approach can be applied to other genes besides antibiotic resistance genes by simply changing the LAMP primers. Therefore, this paper-based chip has the potential for point-of-care (POC) applications to detect various gene samples, especially in resource-limited conditions.