期刊
PHYSICAL REVIEW E
卷 94, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
AMER PHYSICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevE.94.022104
关键词
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资金
- Swiss National Science Foundation [200020-135048, 200021-153296]
- Swiss National Science Foundation (NCCR QSIT)
- Portuguese Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/43263/2008]
- European Research Council [258932]
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [DIQIP]
- National Research Foundation
- Ministry of Education, Singapore
- STW Netherlands
- Singapore programme Mathematical Horizons for Quantum Physics 2
- COST Action Thermodynamics in the quantum regime [MP1209]
- Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia [SFRH/BD/43263/2008] Funding Source: FCT
- Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF) [200021_153296] Funding Source: Swiss National Science Foundation (SNF)
Locally thermal quantum systems may contradict traditional thermodynamics: heat can flow from a cold body to a hotter one, if the two are highly entangled. We show that to recover thermodynamic laws, we must use a stronger notion of thermalization: a system S is thermal relative to a reference R if S is both locally thermal and uncorrelated with R. Considering a general quantum reference is particularly relevant for a thermodynamic treatment of nanoscale quantum systems. We derive a technical condition for relative thermalization in terms of conditional entropies. Established results on local thermalization, which implicitly assume a classical reference, follow as special cases.
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