期刊
EVOLUTION
卷 69, 期 3, 页码 631-642出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1111/evo.12594
关键词
Adaptation; coevolution; nitrogen deposition; resource mutualism; symbiosis
资金
- NSF [DEB-1257756]
- NSF Long-Term Ecological Research Program at the Kellogg Biological Station
- Michigan State University AgBioResearch
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [1257756, 1027253, 1257938] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Human activities have altered the global nitrogen (N) cycle, and as a result, elevated N inputs are causing profound ecological changes in diverse ecosystems. The evolutionary consequences of this global change have been largely ignored even though elevated N inputs are predicted to cause mutualism breakdown and the evolution of decreased cooperation between resource mutualists. Using a long-term (22 years) N-addition experiment, we find that elevated N inputs have altered the legume-rhizobium mutualism (where rhizobial bacteria trade N in exchange for photosynthates from legumes), causing the evolution of less-mutualistic rhizobia. Plants inoculated with rhizobium strains isolated from N-fertilized treatments produced 17-30% less biomass and had reduced chlorophyll content compared to plants inoculated with strains from unfertilized control plots. Because the legume-rhizobium mutualism is the major contributor of naturally fixed N to terrestrial ecosystems, the evolution of less-cooperative rhizobia may have important environmental consequences.
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