Preparation of an Efficient Ratiometric Fluorescent Nanoprobe (m-CDs@[Ru(bpy)3]2+) for Visual and Specific Detection of Hypochlorite on Site and in Living Cells

Hypochlorite (ClO-) is one of the most important reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays an important role in sustaining human innate immunity during microbial invasion. Moreover, ClO- is a powerful oxidizer for water treatment. The safety of drinking water is closely related to its content. Herein, m-phenylenediamine (mPD) is used as a precursor to prepare carbon dots (named m-CDs) with highly fluorescent quantum yield (31.58% in water), and our investigation shows that the strong fluorescent emission of m-CDs can be effectively quenched by ClO-. Based on these findings, we developed a novel fluorescent nanoprobe (m-CDs) for highly selective detection of ClO-. The linear range was from 0.05 to 7 mu M (R-2 = 0.998), and the limit of detection (S/N = 3) was as low as 0.012 mu M. Moreover, a portable agarose hydrogel solid matrix-based ratiometric fluorescent nanoprobe (m-CDs@[Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)) sensor was subsequently developed for visual on-site detection of ClO- with the naked eyes under a UV lamp, suggesting its potential in practical application with low cost and excellent performance in water quality monitoring. Additionally, intracellular detection of exogenous ClO- was demonstrated via ratiometric imaging microscopy.