Differentiating between first-year and multiyear sea ice in the Arctic using microwave-retrieved ice emissivities

Polarized emissivities of the sea ice over the Arctic were retrieved at Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-EOS 10.65, 18.7, 23.8, and 36.5 GHz channel frequencies. Results indicate that retrieved emissivities are consistent with other emissivity estimates. However, errors in the retrieved emissivity for multiyear sea ice at 23.8 and 36.5 GHz can be large up to 8% and 20%, respectively, because of ignoring the freeboard ice scattering and the use of the same emission layer as in 6.925 GHz. It is shown that the emissivity slope for first-year ice between 10.65 and 18.7 GHz is opposite to that for multiyear sea ice, enabling a distinction between first-year ice and multiyear ice. Using these differences in spectral features with ice types, an emissivity difference (vertically polarized emissivity difference between 10.65 and 18.7 GHz) was devised to differentiate between first-year sea ice and multiyear sea ice. A comparison with the ice status information obtained from Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory buoy measurements demonstrates that the method can separate first-year ice from multiyear ice, implying that this technique enables us to obtain instantaneous and pixel-level ice-type information from space-based passive microwave measurements.