Synthesis of super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles assisted by brown seaweed Turbinaria decurrens for removal of reactive navy blue dye

Super-paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were synthesized using Turbinaria decurrens extract for the first time. The produced Fe3O4 was characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The XRD results showed the presence of crystalline Fe3O4, while the FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of organic molecules on the Fe3O4 surface. The homogeneous distribution of the Fe3O4 nanoparticles was observed from the TEM images. The super-paramagnetic nature of the particles was revealed by the VSM studies. The SPIONs also showed good adsorption ability for navy blue dye, with the adsorption kinetics following the Langmuir pattern.