Renewable energy, bioenergy

Lignocellulosic and microalgal biofuels are poised to play a significant role in the future energy matrix. This article reviews recent developments related to lignocellulosic and microalgal biofuels from a chemical engineering perspective. The major challenges in the production of these biofuels are identified and potential solutions are discussed. For lignocellulosic biofuels, development of efficient pre-treatment methods and improved enzymes is a key challenge. For microalgal biofuels, increasing culture density and reducing dewatering requirement require immediate efforts. The issues associated with practical implementation and scale-up as well as the value of an integrated biorefinery are discussed. Finally, sustainability related challenges are presented and the value of a systems approach is highlighted.