Anatomical brain difference of subthreshold depression in young and middle-aged individuals

Background: Subthreshold depression (StD) is associated with substantial functional impairments due to depressive symptoms that do not fully meet the diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Its high incidence in the general population and debilitating symptoms has recently put it at the forefront of mood disorder research. Aim: In this study we investigated common volumetric brain changes in both young and middle-aged StD patients. Methods: Two cohorts of StD patients, young and middle-aged, (n = 57) and matched controls (n = 76) underwent voxel-based morphometry (VBM). Results: VBM analysis found that: 1) compared with healthy controls, StD patients showed decreased gray matter volume(GMV) in the bilateral globus pallidus and precentral gyrus, as well as increased GMV in the left thalamus and right rostral anterior cingulate cortex/medial prefrontal cortex; 2) there is a significant association between Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale scores and the bilateral globus pallidus (negative) and left thalamus (positive); 3) there is no interaction between age (young vs. middle-age) and group (StD vs. controls). Conclusions: Our findings indicate significant VBM brain changes in both young andmiddle-aged individuals with StD. Individuals with StD, regardless of age, may share common neural characteristics. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.