期刊
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON TERAHERTZ SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
卷 7, 期 6, 页码 627-648出版社
IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC
DOI: 10.1109/TTHZ.2017.2758267
关键词
Astronomy; bolometer; niobium compounds; submillimeter wave devices; superconducting photodetector
资金
- Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation [14.B25.31.0007]
- Russian Science Foundation [17-72-30036]
- European Research Council Advanced Grant [339306]
- European Research Council (ERC) [339306] Funding Source: European Research Council (ERC)
- Russian Science Foundation [17-72-30036] Funding Source: Russian Science Foundation
Superconducting hot-electron bolometers are presently the best performing mixing devices for the frequency range beyond 1.2 THz, where good-quality superconductorinsulator- superconductor devices do not exist. Their physical appearance is very simple: an antenna consisting of a normal metal, sometimes a normal-metal-superconductor bilayer, connected to a thin film of a narrow short superconductor with a high resistivity in the normal state. The device is brought into an optimal operating regime by applying a dc current and a certain amount of local-oscillator power. Despite this technological simplicity, its operation has found to be controlled by many different aspects of superconductivity, all occurring simultaneously. A core ingredient is the understanding that there are two sources of resistance in a superconductor: a charge-conversion resistance occurring at a normal-metal-superconductor interface and a resistance due to time-dependent changes of the superconducting phase. The latter is responsible for the actual mixing process in a nonuniform superconducting environment set up by the bias conditions and the geometry. The present understanding indicates that further improvement needs to be found in the use of other materials with a faster energy relaxation rate. Meanwhile, several empirical parameters have become physically meaningful indicators of the devices, which will facilitate the technological developments.
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