Modelling the effect of size-asymmetric competition on size inequality: Simple models with two plants

The concept of size asymmetry in resource competition among plants, in which larger individuals obtain a disproportionate share of contested resources, appears to be very straightforward, but the effects of size asymmetry on growth and size variation among individuals have proved to be controversial. It has often been assumed that competition among individual plants in a population has to be size-asymmetric to result in higher size inequality than in the absence of competition, but here we question this inference. Using very simple, individual-based models, we investigate how size symmetry of competition affects the development in size inequality between two competing plants and show that increased size inequality due to competition is not always strong evidence for size-asymmetric competition. Even absolute symmetric competition, in which all plants receive the same amount of resources irrespective of their sizes, can, under some assumptions, result in higher size inequality than when competition is absent. We demonstrate our approach by applying it to data from a greenhouse experiment investigating the size symmetry of belowground competition between pairs of Triticum aestivum (wheat) plants. The effects of size symmetry/asymmetry on size inequality are dependent on (1) the individual plant growth model, (2) the parameters of the growth model that are affected by competition and (3) the initial sizes and growth rates. Across a range of reasonable assumptions, very general patterns that have been considered evidence for or against size-asymmetric competition do not always hold. Our results emphasize the need for explicit growth models, even very simple ones, for making inferences about the effects of competition on plant growth and size inequality. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.