Ultraconcentrated Sodium Bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide-Based Electrolytes for High-Performance Sodium Metal Batteries

We present an ultraconcentrated electrolyte composed of 5 M sodium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide in 1,2-dimethoxyethane for Na metal anodes coupled with high-voltage cathodes. Using this electrolyte, a very high Coulombic efficiency of 99.3% at the 120th cycle for Na plating/stripping is obtained in Na/stainless steel (SS) cells with highly reduced corrosivity toward Na metal and high oxidation durability (over 4.9 V versus Na/Na+) without corrosion of the aluminum cathode current collector. Importantly, the use of this ultraconcentrated electrolyte results in substantially improved rate capability in Na/SS cells and excellent cycling performance in Na/Na symmetric cells without the increase of polarization. Moreover, this ultraconcentrated electrolyte exhibits good compatibility with high-voltage Na4Fe3(PO4)(2)(P2O7) and Na-0.7(Fe0.5Mn0.5)O-2 cathodes charged to high voltages (>4.2 V versus Na/Na+), resulting in outstanding cycling stability (high reversible capacity of 109 mAh g(-1) over 300 cycles for the Na/Na4Fe3(PO4)(2)(P2O7) cell) compared with the conventional dilute electrolyte, 1 M NaPF6 in ethylene carbonate/propylene carbonate (5/5, v/v).