期刊
ASTROPHYSICAL JOURNAL SUPPLEMENT SERIES
卷 228, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
IOP PUBLISHING LTD
DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/228/2/12
关键词
ISM: clouds; ISM: molecules; ISM: structure; stars: formation
资金
- National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning [NRF-2015R1C1A1A01052160]
- Academy of Finland [285769]
- German Research Foundation (DFG) [WA3628-1/1]
- Chinese Academy of Sciences [XDB09000000]
- Science and Technology Facilities Council of the United Kingdom
- STFC [ST/L000768/1, ST/M001008/1] Funding Source: UKRI
- Science and Technology Facilities Council [ST/M001008/1, ST/L000768/1] Funding Source: researchfish
- Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [15H03646, 16J01547] Funding Source: KAKEN
We observed 13 Planck cold clumps with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope/SCUBA-2 and with the Nobeyama 45 m radio telescope. The N2H+ distribution obtained with the Nobeyama telescope is quite similar to SCUBA-2 dust distribution. The 82 GHz HC3N, 82 GHz CCS, and 94 GHz CCS emission are often distributed differently with respect to the N2H+ emission. The CCS emission, which is known to be abundant in starless molecular cloud cores, is often very clumpy in the observed targets. We made deep single-pointing observations in DNC, (HNC)-C-13, N2D+, and cyclic-C3H2 toward nine clumps. The detection rate of N2D+ is 50%. Furthermore, we observed the NH3 emission toward 15 Planck cold clumps to estimate the kinetic temperature, and confirmed that most targets are cold (less than or similar to 20 K). In two of the starless clumps we observed, the CCS emission is distributed as it surrounds the N2H+ core (chemically evolved gas), which resembles the case of L1544, a prestellar core showing collapse. In addition, we detected both DNC and N2D+. These two clumps are most likely on the verge of star formation. We introduce the chemical evolution factor (CEF) for starless cores to describe the chemical evolutionary stage, and analyze the observed Planck cold clumps.
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