Metrics of Arterial Hyperoxia and Associated Outcomes in Critical Care

Objective: Emerging evidence has shown the potential risks of arterial hyperoxia, but the lack of a clinical definition and methodologic limitations hamper the interpretation and clinical relevance of previous studies. Our purpose was to evaluate previously used and newly constructed metrics of arterial hyperoxia and systematically assess their association with clinical outcomes in different subgroups in the ICU. Design: Observational cohort study. Setting: Three large tertiary care ICUs in the Netherlands. Patients: A total of 14,441 eligible ICU patients. Interventions: None. Measurements and Main Results: In total, 295,079 arterial blood gas analyses, including the Pao(2), between July 2011 and July 2014 were extracted from the patient data management system database. Data from all admissions with more than one Pao(2) measurement were supplemented with anonymous demographic and admission and discharge data from the Dutch National Intensive Care Evaluation registry. Mild hyperoxia was defined as Pao(2) between 120 and 200 mm Hg; severe hyperoxia as Pao(2) greater than 200 mm Hg. Characteristics of existing and newly constructed metrics for arterial hyperoxia were examined, and the associations with hospital mortality (primary outcome), ICU mortality, and ventilator-free days and alive at day 28 were retrospectively analyzed using regression models in different subgroups of patients. Severe hyperoxia was associated with higher mortality rates and fewer ventilator-free days in comparison to both mild hyperoxia and normoxia for all metrics except for the worst Pao(2). Adjusted effect estimates for conditional mortality were larger for severe hyperoxia than for mild hyperoxia. This association was found both within and beyond the first 24 hours of admission and was consistent for large subgroups. The largest point estimates were found for the exposure identified by the average Pao(2), closely followed by the median Pao(2), and these estimates differed substantially between subsets. Time spent in hyperoxia showed a linear and positive relationship with hospital mortality. Conclusions: Our results suggest that we should limit the Pao(2) levels of critically ill patients within a safe range, as we do with other physiologic variables. Analytical metrics of arterial hyperoxia should be judiciously considered when interpreting and comparing study results and future studies are needed to validate our findings in a randomized fashion design.