The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in hookah smokers

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Hookah smoking is growing worldwide and particularly in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of obstructive pulmonary dysfunction in hookah smokers. We conducted a population-based study in Bushehr Province, Iran. A total of 245 subjects aged 35 years or older who were taking hookah for at least 15 years and 245 healthy controls were enrolled in the study and spirometry was done. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS for windows software version 19. The prevalence of COPD among the exposed group of hookah smoke was 10.2%, with the rate being significantly higher in the patients with older age (p < 0.001), duration of hookah smoking (p < 0.001), men (p = 0.026), >= 3 hookahs/day (p = 0.006), history of cough for >= 2 years (p = 0.002), in patients with a history of sputum for >= 2 years (p = 0.031), and in patients with a history of dyspnea for >= 2 years (p = 0.001). The results of the logistic regression analysis demonstrated that older age, male gender, smoking, and occupational exposure were independent predictive factors for COPD. The results of our study suggest that hookah smoking significantly increases the risk of COPD. Given the importance of COPD in the global burden of diseases, it is necessary to carry out further studies on the relationship between hookah use and COPD.