Evolution of lodoplumbate Complexes in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Precursor Solutions

Here we investigate the local structure present in single-step precursor solutions of methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI(3)) perovskite as a function of organic and inorganic precursor ratio, as well as with hydriodic acid (HI), using X-ray absorption spectroscopy. An excess of organic precursor as well as the use of HI as a processing additive has been shown to lead to the formation of smooth, continuous, pinhole free MAPbI(3) films, whereas films produced from precursor solutions containing molar equivalents of methylammonium iodide (MAI) and PbI2 lead to the formation of a discontinuous, needlelike morphology. We now show that as the amount of excess MAI in the precursor solution is increased, the iodide coordination of iodoplumbate complexes present in solution increases. The use of HI results in a similar increase in iodide coordination. We therefore offer insight into how solution chemistry can be used to control MAPbI(3) thin film morphology by revealing a strong correlation between the lead coordination chemistry in precursor solutions and the surface coverage and morphology of the resulting MAPbI(3) film.