Revisiting Environmental Kuznets Curve in Sub-Sahara Africa Evidence from deforestation and all GHG emissions from agriculture

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to revisit the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) model in Sub- Saharan Africa (SSA) countries by focusing on two indicators of environmental change (EC), namely rate of deforestation (RD) and all greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture (Agric_ GHG) with aim of addressing two key objectives in the study. First, to investigate whether the EKC hypothesis exists for both indicators considered in the region. Second, to examine the effects of macroeconomic and institutional variables on both indicators in the study. Design/methodology/approach - The authors employ a balanced panel data covering 43 countries from 1990- 2009 in the study. Subsequently, the study uses serial correlation/autoregressive order one corrected cross- section time series model based on Feasible Generalized Least Square method. Findings - The empirical results show that the EKC exists (i.e. as inverted U- shaped) only for all GHG emissions from agriculture. Agricultural production and trade openness increase significantly both indicators of EC considered in the study. Other results show that, population growth reduces significantly Agric_ GHG, while economic growth increases significantly RD in SSA. Originality/value - This is the very first study to investigate the applicability of EKC hypothesis to emissions from non- oil sector such as agriculture (i.e. all GHG emissions from agriculture) in the region.