From Detection to Resection: Photoacoustic Tomography and Surgery Guidance with Indocyanine Green Loaded Gold Nanorod@liposome Core-Shell Nanoparticles in Liver Cancer

Conventional imaging methods encounter challenges in diagnosing liver cancer that is less than 10 mm or without typical hypervascular features. With deep penetration and high spatial resolution imaging capability, the emerging photoacoustic tomography may offer better diagnostic efficacy for noninvasive liver cancer detection. Moreover, near infrared fluorescence imaging-guided hepatectomy was proven to be able to identify nodules at the millimeter level. Thus, suitable photoacoustic and fluorescence dual-modality imaging probe may benefit patients in early diagnosis and complete resection. In this study, we fabricated indocyanine green loaded gold nanorod@liposome core shell nanoparticles (Au@liposome ICG) to integrate both imaging strategies. These nanoparticles exhibit superior biocompatibility, high stability, and enhanced dual-model imaging signals. Next, we explored their effectiveness of tumor detection and surgery guidance in orthotopic liver cancer mouse models. Histological analysis confirmed the accuracy of the probe in liver cancer detection and resection. This novel dual modality nanoprobe holds promise for early diagnosis and better surgical outcome of liver cancer and has great potential for clinical translation.