An overview of advances in dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the extraction of pesticides and emerging contaminants from environmental samples

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME) have been explored by analytical chemists, as confirmed by the increasing number of published papers on the topic. In this overview, advances in DLLME for the extraction of pesticides and pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) from environmental samples is presented. A varied group of DLLME protocols that made possibly the expansion of DLLME applicability are detailed, with special emphasis on modifications that have been successfully employed for pesticides and PPCPs extraction. Interesting solutions published recently, as the use of solvents with a density lower than that of water, the use of ionic liquids and DLLME extractions performed without the need for centrifugation are presented. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.