Beyond KOH activation for the synthesis of superactivated carbons from hydrochar

A novel activating agent for the production of highly microporous carbons with textural properties that match those of superactivated carbons prepared by KOH activation, i.e. BET surface areas of 2600 -3000 m(2) g(-1), pore volumes of similar to 1.3-1.6 cm(3) g(-1) and pore size distributions in the supermicropore-small mesopore (<3 nm) region, is studied. It consists of a mixture of melamine and potassium oxalate, a substance which is less corrosive than KOH, imposing less technical restrictions. Additional advantages of this activating agent are that the morphology of the particles is not altered and, importantly, the product yield is almost double that of KOH activation. The advantageous textural characteristics of the produced materials are combined with a relatively good electronic conductivity of similar to 2-3 S cm(-1). When tested as supercapacitor electrodes using conventional electrolytes such as H2SO4 and TEABF(4)/AN, and less conventional ones such as EMImTFSI/AN, these carbons match the performance of benchmark KOH activated carbons and surpass that of commercial activated carbons specifically designed for supercapacitor applications. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.