Human α-Defensin 6: A Small Peptide That Self-Assembles and Protects the Host by Entangling Microbes

Human alpha-defensin 6 (HD6) is a 32-residue cysteine-rich peptide that contributes to innate immunity by protecting the host at mucosal sites. This peptide is produced in small intestinal Paneth cells, stored as an 81-residue precursor peptide named proHD6 in granules, and released into the lumen. One unusual feature of HD6 is that it lacks the broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity observed for other human alpha-defensins, including the Paneth cell peptide human alpha-defensin 5 (HD5). HD6 exhibits unprecedented self-assembly properties, which confer an unusual host-defense function. HD6 monomers self-assemble into higher-order oligomers termed nanonets, which entrap microbes and prevent invasive gastrointestinal pathogens such as Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes from entering host cells. One possible advantage of this host-defense mechanism is that HD6 helps to keep microbes in the lumen such that they can be excreted or attacked by other components of the immune system, such as recruited neutrophils. In this Account, we report our current understanding of HD6 and focus on work published since 2012 when Bevins and co-workers described the discovery of HD6 nanonets in the literature. First, we present studies that address the biosynthesis, storage, and maturation of HD6, which demonstrate that nature uses a propeptide strategy to spatially and temporally control the formation of HD6 nanonets in the small intestine. The propeptide is stored in Paneth cell granules, and proteolysis occurs during or following release into the lumen, which affords the 32-residue mature peptide that self-assembles. We subsequently highlight structure function studies that provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis for why HD6 exhibits unusual self assembly properties compared with other characterized defensins. The disposition of hydrophobic residues in the HD6 primary structure differs from that of other human alpha-defensins and is an important structural determinant for oligomerization. Lastly, we consider functional studies that illuminate how HD6 contributes to mucosal immunity. We recently discovered that in addition to blocking bacterial invasion into host epithelial cells by Gram-negative and Gram-positive gastrointestinal pathogens, HD6 suppresses virulence traits displayed by the opportunistic human fungal pathogen Candida albicans. In particular, we found that C. albicans biofilm formation, which causes complications in the treatment of candidiasis, is inhibited by HD6. This observation suggests that HD6 may contribute to intestinal homeostasis by helping to keep C. albicans in its commensal state. We intend for this Account to inspire further biochemical, biophysical, and biological investigations that will advance our understanding of HD6 in mucosal immunity and the host microbe interaction.